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The Vatican leaks scandal, also known as Vati-Leaks, is a scandal initially involving leaked Vatican documents, exposing alleged corruption; in addition, an internal Vatican investigation has purportedly uncovered the blackmailing of homosexual clergy by individuals outside the Church. Italian journalist Gianluigi Nuzzi published letters from Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò in which he exposed alleged corruption that cost the Holy See millions in higher contract prices. The name 'VatiLeaks' is a play on the word WikiLeaks, an organisation that publishes news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous sources.
Over following months, the situation widened as documents were leaked to Italian journalists, uncovering power struggles inside the Vatican over its efforts to implement greater financial transparency and comply with international norms to fight money laundering. In early 2012, an anonymous letter made the headlines for its warning of a death threat against Pope Benedict XVI.[1] The scandal escalated in May 2012 when Nuzzi published a book entitled His Holiness: The Secret Papers of Benedict XVI consisting of confidential letters and memos between Pope Benedict and his personal secretary, a controversial book that portrays the Vatican as a hotbed of jealousy, intrigue and underhanded factional fighting.[2] The book reveals details about the Pope's personal finances and includes tales of bribes made to procure an audience with him.
Leaks[edit]
The scandal first came to light in late January 2012 in a television program named The Untouchables (Gli intoccabili), aired in Italy by broadcaster La 7,[3] and escalated in May 2012 when Gianluigi Nuzzi published a book entitled His Holiness: The Secret Papers of Benedict XVI consisting of confidential letters and memos.[2]
Among the documents were letters written to the Pope and to the Secretary of State, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, by then apostolic nuncio to the United States, Italian Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, complaining of corruption in Vatican finances and a campaign of defamation against him. Viganò, formerly the second-ranked Vatican administrator to the Pope, allegedly asked not to be transferred for having exposed alleged corruption that cost the Holy See millions in higher contract prices.[citation needed]
An anonymous document described a conversation with Cardinal Paolo Romeo of Palermo, Sicily, in which he allegedly predicted the Pope would be dead within twelve months. According to Allen, none of the information leaked seemed 'especially fatal'. 'It's not so much the content of the leaks, but the fact of them, which is the real problem.'[4]
Vatican internal investigation[edit]
![The The](/uploads/1/2/5/8/125850129/210679391.jpg)
The Vatican probe into the leaks worked along several tracks, with Vatican magistrates pursuing the criminal investigation and the Vatican Secretariat of State an administrative probe. In March 2012, Pope Benedict appointed a commission of cardinals to investigate the leaks. The three cardinals appointed by Benedict acted in a supervisory role, looking beyond the narrow criminal scope of the leaks to interview broadly across the Vatican bureaucracy; they purportedly uncovered a sex and blackmail scandal.[5] They reported directly to the Pope, and could both share information with Vatican prosecutors and receive information from them, according to Vatican spokesman the Reverend Federico Lombardi. The group was headed by Cardinal Julián Herranz Casado, an Opus Dei prelate who headed the Vatican's legal office as well as the disciplinary commission of the Vatican bureaucracy before retiring.[6]
Papal response[edit]
On 30 May 2012, Pope Benedict made his first direct comments on the scandal in remarks at the end of his weekly general audience. He said the 'exaggerated' and 'gratuitous' rumours had offered a false image of the Holy See, commenting: 'The events of recent days about the Curia and my collaborators have brought sadness in my heart. ...I want to renew my trust in and encouragement of my closest collaborators and all those who every day, with loyalty and a spirit of sacrifice and in silence, help me fulfill my ministry.'[7]
On 26 July, Pope Benedict held a meeting of the commission of cardinals. Also in attendance were the head of the Vatican police, the judges involved in the case, and representatives of the Vatican Secretariat of State, according to a report from Federico Lombardi.[8]
Months later, after Paolo Gabriele and Claudio Sciarpelletti—two Vatican aides— were convicted in the case, he pardoned them.[9]
Arrests and convictions[edit]
Paolo Gabriele, who had been the pope's personal butler since 2007, was arrested by Vatican police on 23 May 2012, after confidential letters and documents addressed to the Pope and other Vatican officials were found in his Vatican apartment. He seemed to have been leaking classified information to the journalist Gianluigi Nuzzi.[10][11] Similar documents had been published in Italian media over the previous five months; many of them dealt with allegations of corruption, abuse of power and a lack of financial transparency at the Vatican.[12]
Piero Antonio Bonnet, the Vatican's judge, had been instructed to examine the evidence of the case and to decide whether there was sufficient material to proceed to trial. Gabriele faced a maximum sentence of eight years for the illegal possession of documents of a head of state.[13]
Paolo Gabriele was indicted by Vatican magistrates on 13 August 2012 for aggravated theft.[14] The first hearing took place on 29 September 2012.
Gabriele's trial began on 2 October 2012.[15] He claimed to have stolen the documents to fight 'evil and corruption' and put the Vatican 'back on track'.[15] Multiple evaluations of Gabriele's mental health provided conflicting results: one report concluded that Gabriele suffered from a 'fragile personality with paranoid tendencies covering profound personal insecurity', while another found that Gabriele showed no adequate signs of a major psychological disorder nor posing any serious threat to himself or others.[16] Vatican police seized encrypted documents and confidential papers that the Pope had marked 'to be destroyed' when they raided the apartment of his butler, the court heard.[17]
On 6 October, Paolo Gabriele was found to be guilty of theft, and was sentenced to a reduced sentence of 18 months. He was also ordered to pay legal expenses.[18][19] However, Gabriele served his sentence in the Vatican itself, as opposed to the usual arrangement of sending prisoners to serve time in an Italian prison, due to concerns that he might leak further secrets.[20]
Claudio Sciarpelletti, a computer specialist at the Secretariat of State who allegedly helped Gabriele, was arrested and convicted of obstruction of justice based on conflicting information he gave to prosecutors. He was sentenced to four months, which was amended to two months suspended with five years probation due to his long years of service and lack of a prior criminal record.[21]
Aftermath of the investigation[edit]
One of the reasons listed for the dismissal of Ettore Gotti Tedeschi as president of the Vatican Bank was the 'Failure to provide any formal explanation for the dissemination of documents last known to be in the president's possession.'[22]
On 17 December 2012, the Pope received a report on 'Vatican lobbies' prepared by Cardinals Julián Herranz, Salvatore De Giorgi, a former archbishop of Palermo, and Jozef Tomko. The same day, the Pope reportedly decided to resign, a decision he made public in February 2013, becoming the first in 700 years to step down.[23] The resignation of Pope Benedict XVI occurred on 28 February.[24][25][26]
Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi, speaking on Vatican Radio on 23 February 2013, strongly criticized media coverage[5][27] of the report[28] as a financial scandal which purportedly became, upon the cardinals' internal investigation, a gay sex and blackmail scandal as well.[29] Although the dossier was available only to Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI and the investigators themselves, the latter were free to discuss the results of their investigation with the cardinal electors of the March 2013 papal conclave, and the dossier itself was to have been given to Benedict's successor, Pope Francis.[30] On 1 March 2013, Lombardi reported that 'two or three phones' had been tapped.[31][32]
On 12 June 2013, it was reported that leaked notes of a private conversation between Pope Francis and Catholic officials at the Latin American Conference of Religious confirmed the existence of 'a stream of corruption', and that 'The 'gay lobby' is mentioned, and it is true, it is there. ...We need to see what we can do.' According to La Repubblica, 'Vatican investigators had identified a network of gay prelates.'[33] Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi made no comment on the remarks made in 'a private meeting'.[34]
On July 2016, the Vatican Court acquitted the two journalists involved in the 'Vatileaks' trial, citing freedom of expression as its reason. Judge Giuseppe Della Torre, head of the tribunal of the Vatican City State, declared that 'the court had no legitimate jurisdiction over Gianluigi Nuzzi and Emiliano Fittipaldi.'[35] Monsignor Lucio Balda, by contrast, was sentenced to 18 months in prison for leaking official documents in th, and his sentence began on August 22 in a cell within the confines of the Vatican.[36] Requests for a papal pardon for Balda were met with silence,[37] until Pope Francis granted him clemency after he served half his jail sentence.[38]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Day, Michael (28 May 2012). 'Vatileaks: Hunt is on to find Vatican moles'. London: The Independent. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ abSquires, Nick (23 May 2012). 'Vatican newspaper editor accused of gay smear against rival'. London: Telegraph. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^Zandanel, Pierangela (2 February 2012). 'Vatican Threatens Legal Action against Tv Station'. Italy Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
- ^'Five questions about the Vatican's leaks scandal', Allen Jr., John L., National Catholic Reporter, 17 February 2012
- ^ abHooper, John (21 February 2013). 'Papal resignation linked to inquiry into 'Vatican gay officials', says paper'. The Guardian. London.
- ^'Pope's butler vows to help Vatican scandal probe'. foxnews.com. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^'The Associated Press: Pope breaks silence over Vatileaks scandal'. Google. 30 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ^'Pope hosts top-level meeting on leaks in Vatican'. www.catholicnews.com.
- ^Latza Nadeau, Barbie (14 July 2017). 'Pope Pardons His Butler Paolo Gabriele'. Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^'Vatican Documents Leak: The Butler Did It'. Gawker. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
- ^Hasan, Lama; Natanson, Phoebe (6 October 2012). 'Paolo Gabriele: Pope's Butler Convicted; Sentenced to 18 Months in Prison'. ABC News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^'Papal butler's lawyers say client acted out of love for church, pope'. www.catholicnews.com.
- ^Messia, Hada (CNN). 'Verdict Expected in 'Vatileaks' Trial of Pope's Ex-butler'. CNN.com. 6 October 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^Wooden, Cindy (13 August 2012). 'Vatican magistrates order trial for papal assistant accused of theft'. Catholic New Service. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ abSquires, Nick (29 September 2012). 'Trial of Pope's butler Paolo Gabriele begins as he's accused of leaking Vatican secrets'. The Telegraph. Vatican City. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ^'Paolo Gabriele, the papal butler who fell from grace'. 28 September 2012 – via Reuters.
- ^Squires, Nick (3 October 2012). 'Vatileaks: Butler 'stole papers Pope wanted destroyed''. The Telegraph. Vatican City. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ^WINFIELD, NICOLE. 'Pope's Butler Convicted in Leaks, Given 18 Months'. AP. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^'Vatican Radio Vatican Radio'. en.radiovaticana.va.
- ^Willey, David (26 October 2012). 'Who, what, why: What's it like to be a prisoner of the Vatican?'. BBC. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
- ^'Pope butler's 'helper' Claudio Sciarpelletti on trial'. 5 November 2012 – via www.bbc.com.
- ^Faris, Stephan (29 May 2012). 'The Vatican Scandals: What Did the Pope's Butler Know?'. Time. ISSN0040-781X. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
- ^Hooper, John (22 February 2013). 'Papal resignation linked to inquiry into 'Vatican gay officials', says paper'. The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
- ^Cullinane, Susannah (12 February 2013). 'Pope Benedict XVI's resignation explained'. CNN. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^Davies, Lizzy; Hooper, John; Connelly, Kate (11 February 2013). 'Pope Benedict XVI resigns due to age and declining health'. The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- ^'BBC News – Benedict XVI: 10 things about the Pope's retirement'. Bbc.co.uk. 2 May 2013. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- ^'Sesso e carriera, i ricatti in Vaticano dietro la rinuncia di Benedetto XVI'. La Repubblica. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^Raushenbush, Paul (23 February 2013). 'Vatican Slams Media Reports Of Gay Scandal As 'Gossip, Misinformation And Slander''. Huffington Post.
- ^Donadio, Rachel (23 February 2013). 'Papal Conclave Accompanied by Reports of Scandals and Intrigue'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^News, ABC. 'Vatican Dossier for 'Pope's Eyes Only''. ABC News.
- ^Bennettsmith, Meredith (1 March 2013). 'Vatican Admits To Possible Wiretaps Of Church Officials'. Huffington Post.
- ^Chu, Henry; Kington, Tom (28 February 2013). 'Pope Benedict XVI leaves the Vatican'. Los Angeles Times.
- ^'Style and substance'. The Economist. ISSN0013-0613. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^Rome, Lizzy Davies in. 'Pope Francis 'admits that gay prelate network exists''. the Guardian. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^'Citing freedom of press, Vatican court acquits journalists in 'VatiLeaks' trial'. 7 July 2016.
- ^'The 18-month prison sentence begins for man behind 'Vatileaks''. 30 August 2016.
- ^'No reply from Pope to 'Vatileaks' convict's appeal for pardon : News Headlines'. www.catholicculture.org. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^'Pope frees jailed priest who leaked official documents'. BBC News. 20 December 2016.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vatican_leaks_scandal&oldid=935371476'
Finance and insurance | |
Industry | Banking Financial services |
---|---|
Fate | Insolvency
|
Successor | Nuovo Banco Ambrosiano |
Founded | 1896 |
Founder | Giuseppe Tovini |
Defunct | 1982 |
Headquarters | Milan |
Key people | Giuseppe Tovini Founder Roberto Calvi Chairman |
Products | Retail banking Commercial banking Investment banking Investment management Private equity |
Subsidiaries | Ambrosiano Overseas Banco Ambrosiano Holding |
Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank that collapsed in 1982. At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi, and his membership in the illegal former Masonic LodgePropaganda Due (aka P2). The Institute for the Works of Religion, commonly known as the Vatican Bank, was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder. The Vatican Bank was also accused of funneling covert United States funds to the Polish trade union Solidarity and to the Contras through Banco Ambrosiano.
Members[edit]
Roberto Calvi.
- Franco Ratti, chairman
- Carlo Canesi, senior manager then chairman of Banco Ambrosiano Holding starting from 1965
- Roberto Calvi, general manager of Banco Ambrosiano since 1971, appointed chairman from 1975 to his death in June 1982; he was often referred to as 'God's Banker' because of his close financial ties with the Vatican
- Paul Marcinkus, president of Vatican Bank (aka 'Istituto per le Opere di Religione'), had been a director of Ambrosiano Overseas, based in Nassau, Bahamas
- Carlo De Benedetti became deputy-chairman for less than two months, after Roberto Calvi's trial
- Nuovo Banco Ambrosiano is under Giovanni Bazoli
- Carlos Guido Natal Coda, head of the Argentine branch of Banco Ambrosiano (Coda was the predecessor of Emilio Massera as Commander-in-Chief of the Argentine Navy)[1]
Before 1981[edit]
Logo in the 80s
The Banco Ambrosiano was founded in Milan in 1896 by Giuseppe Tovini, a Catholic advocate in Valle Camonica, and was named after Saint Ambrose, the fourth century archbishop of the city. Tovini's purpose was to create a Catholic bank as a counterbalance to Italy's 'lay' banks, and its goals were 'serving moral organisations, pious works, and religious bodies set up for charitable aims.' The bank came to be known as the 'priests' bank'; one chairman was Franco Ratti, nephew to Pope Pius XI. In the 1960s, the bank began to expand its business, opening a holding company in Luxembourg in 1963 which came to be known as Banco Ambrosiano Holding. This was under the direction of Carlo Canesi, then a senior manager, and from 1965 chairman. His deputy was Roberto Calvi.[2]
In 1971, Calvi became general manager, and in 1975 he was appointed chairman. Calvi expanded Ambrosiano's interests further; these included creating a number of off-shore companies in the Bahamas and South America; a controlling interest in the Banca Cattolica del Veneto; and funds for the publishing house Rizzoli to finance the Corriere della Sera newspaper (giving Calvi control behind the scenes for the benefit of his associates in the P2 masonic lodge). Calvi also involved the Vatican Bank, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, in his dealings, and was close to Bishop Paul Marcinkus, the bank's chairman. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, and for both the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua and its Sandinista opposition. There are also rumours that it provided money for Solidarity in Poland (it has been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank funded Solidarity).[citation needed]
Calvi used his complex network of overseas banks and companies to move money out of Italy, to inflate share prices, and to secure massive unsecured loans. In 1978, the Banca d'Italia (Bank of Italy) produced a report on Ambrosiano that predicted future disaster and led to criminal investigations. However, soon afterward the investigating Milanese magistrate, Alessandrini, was killed by a left-wing terrorist group, while the Bank of Italy official who superintended the inspection, Mario Sarcinelli, found himself imprisoned on charges that were later dismissed.
After 1981[edit]
In 1981, police raided the office of Propaganda Due Masonic lodge to apprehend the Worshipful MasterLicio Gelli and uncover further evidence against Roberto Calvi. Calvi was arrested, put on trial, and sentenced to four years in prison. However, he was released pending an appeal and retained his position at the bank. Other alarming developments followed: Carlo de Benedetti of Olivetti bought into the bank and became deputy chairman, only to leave two months later after receiving Mafia threats and lack of co-operation from Calvi. His replacement, a longtime employee named Roberto Rosone, was wounded in a Mafia shooting incident. The criminal organization responsible for this shooting was the Banda della Magliana (Magliana Gang) which had taken over Rome's underworld in the late 1970s, and has been related to various political events of the anni di piombo (years of lead).
In 1982, it was discovered that the bank was unable to account for $1.287 billion (equivalent to $3.41 billion in present-day terms). Calvi fled the country on a false passport, and Rosone arranged for the Bank of Italy to take over. Calvi's personal secretary, Graziella Corrocher, left a note denouncing Calvi before leaping to her death from her office window. Calvi's body was found hanging from Blackfriars Bridge in London on June 18 (see Roberto Calvi#Death).
During July 1982, funds to the off-shore interests were cut off, leading to their collapse, and in August the bank was replaced by the Nuovo Banco Ambrosiano under Giovanni Bazoli. Pope John Paul II pledged full transparency regarding the bank's links to the Vatican and brought in lay bankers including German financial expert Hermann Abs, a move that was publicly criticized by Simon Wiesenthal, due to Abs' role as top banker to the Third Reich from 1938 to 1945.[3][4] There was much argument over who should take responsibility for losses incurred by the Old Ambrosiano's off-shore companies, and the Holy See (Vatican) eventually agreed to pay out a substantial sum without accepting liability.
In April 1992, Carlo De Benedetti, former deputy chairman of Banco Ambrosiano, and 32 other people were convicted of fraud by a Milan court in connection with the bank's collapse.[5] Benedetti was sentenced to six years and four months in prison,[5] but the sentence was overturned in April 1998 by the Court of Cassation.[6]
In 1994, former Socialist Prime Minister Bettino Craxi was indicted in the Banco Ambrosiano case, along with Licio Gelli, head of Propaganda Due, and former Justice minister Claudio Martelli.[7] In April 1998, the Court of Cassation confirmed a 12-year sentence for Licio Gelli for the Ambrosiano crash.[8]
Clearstream scandal[edit]
![Vatican Vatican](/uploads/1/2/5/8/125850129/426392039.jpg)
Just before the media revealed the Ambrosiano scandal, Gérard Soisson, manager of the transaction clearing company Clearstream, was found dead in Corsica, two months after Ernest Backes' dismissal from Clearstream in May 1983. Banco Ambrosiano was one of the many banks to have unpublished accounts in Clearstream. Backes, formerly the third highest-ranking officer of Clearstream and a primary source for Denis Robert's book on Clearstream's scandal, Revelation$, claims he 'was fired because (he) knew too much about the Ambrosiano scandal. When Soisson died, the Ambrosiano affair wasn't yet known as a scandal. (After it was revealed) I realized that Soisson and I had been at the crossroads. We moved all those transactions known later in the scandal to Lima and other branches. Nobody even knew there was a Banco Ambrosiano branch in Lima and other South American countries.'[9] As of 2005, while the Italian justice has opened up again the investigation concerning the murder of Roberto Calvi, Ambrosiano's chairman, it has asked the support of Ernest Backes, and will investigate Gerard Soisson's death, according to Lucy Komisar. Licio Gelli, headmaster of P2 Masonic Lodge, and mafioso Giuseppe 'Pippo' Calò, are being prosecuted for the assassination of Roberto Calvi.
Falklands war involvement[edit]
France prohibited deliveries of Exocet AM39 missiles purchased by Peru to avoid the possibility of Peru giving them to Argentina, because they knew that payment would be made with a credit card from the Central Bank of Peru, but British intelligence had detected that the guarantee was a deposit of two hundred million dollars from the Banco Ambrosiano Andino, an owned subsidiary of the Banco Ambrosiano.[10][11]An Italian investigation into Propaganda Due's involvement in the arms trade uncovered a contract for 52 Excocet signed by Carlos Alberto Corti, an Argentinian naval officer and member of P2[11]
Roberto Calvi's 1982 murder[edit]
David Yallop believes that Calvi, with the assistance of P2, may have been responsible for the death of Albino Luciani who, as Pope John Paul I, was planning a reform of Vatican finances. This is one of many conspiracy theories about Luciani, who died of a heart attack. However, Calvi's family maintains that he was an honest man manipulated by others. According to the magistrates who indicted Licio Gelli, P2's 'Venerable Master', and Giuseppe Calò for Calvi's murder, Gelli would have ordered his death to punish him for embezzlement of his and the mafia's money, while the mafia wanted to stop him from revealing the way Calvi helped it in money laundering.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Viau, Susana & Tagliaferro, Eduardo (December 14, 1998). 'Carlos Bartffeld, Mason y Amigo de Massera, Fue Embajador en Yugoslavia Cuando Se Vendieron Armas a Croacia - En el mismo barco'. Pagina 12 (in Spanish).CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^Maran, A. G. D. (2011). Mafia. Inside the Dark Heart. Random House. p. 73.
- ^'Expert Appointed by Vatican to Probe Bank Scandal Said to Be an Ex-Nazi'. jta.org. December 31, 1982.
- ^'Pop vows to assist bank study'. THe New York TImesdate=NOvember 27, 1982.
- ^ ab'Court Convicts Financier, 23 Others in Billion-Dollar Failure of Italian Bank'. Rocky Mountain News. April 17, 1992.
- ^'High court overturns conviction of Olivetti chairman in bank collapse'. Associated Press. April 22, 1998.
- ^'Former Italian premier indicted in bank scandal'. The Tampa Tribune. May 13, 1994.
- ^'Top Italian fugitive Licio Gelli arrested in France'. Associated Press. September 10, 1998.
- ^'Cover Story'. hound-dogs.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007.
- ^'The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: War and diplomacy'. google.com.
- ^ ab'Página/12 :: El país :: A las Malvinas en subte'. pagina12.com.ar.
Bibliography[edit]
- Cornwell, Rupert (1984). God's Banker: The Life and Death of Roberto Calvi. Victor Gollancz Ltd.
- Martin, Malachi (1984). Rich Church, Poor Church. New York: Putnam. ISBN0-399-12906-5.
- Sandom, J.G. (1992 & 2009). Gospel Truths. Bantam/Random House. ISBN0553589970.
- Willan, Philip (2007). The Last Supper: the Mafia, the Masons and the Killing of Roberto Calvi. Constable & Robinson. ISBN978-1-84529-296-6.
- Yallop, David (1987). In God's Name: An Investigation into the Murder of Pope John Paul I. Corgi.
Further reading[edit]
- Komisar, Lucy. 'Cover Story: Revelation$ by Denis Roberts & Ernest Backes'. hound-dogs.com.
- 'Gelli arrest is another chapter in sordid Vatican bank scandal'. American Atheists. 1998-09-16. Archived from the original on September 4, 2005.
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_Ambrosiano&oldid=929043946'